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School of Education

Publications

Equity in Education: Responding to Context.  The third report on the state of equity in the English education system from the Centre for Equity in Education, The University of Manchester. June 2008

This is the third report on the state of equity in the English education system from the Centre for Equity in Education based at The University of Manchester. Setting out to be challenging and constructive, it argues that efforts to create a more equitable education system are now at a strategic crossroad,  trapped between a target-driven effectiveness and improvement model of service reform, and efforts to develop localised and co-ordinated responses to inequity. The report argues that if equity is to be enhanced, the space must be created for policies to be joined up locally and oriented to meeting community needs.

Equity in Education: New Directions: The second annual report on the state of equity in the English education system from the Centre for Equity in Education, The University of Manchester, January 2007

This is the second annual report from the Centre for Equity in Education, based at The University of Manchester. It holds up a mirror to the education system as it appears at the current moment, and in doing so, throws light on the inequities which scar the education system and prevent it acting as a route to social mobility. Reporting the views of stakeholders from across the system, we reveal a striking mosaic of issues - ranging from the negative impacts of current policies as they play out on the ground, to the innovative and challenging responses of some stakeholders. The report has been written to reflect their concerns, and offers a powerful provocation for reform from within the system. It considers what, in practical terms, a more equitable education system would look like, and details emerging equitable practices and the new directions for reform they indicate.

Equity in Education: Mapping the Territory: First annual report of progress within the English Education system from The Centre for Equity in Education, The University of Manchester January 2006

The report focuses on mapping out issues around educational equity and evidence which might be brought to bear upon them. It presents some evidence both of problems and of promising approaches from within the education system. The report also sets out the basis for the systematic monitoring of the state of equity in education.

A 'pivotal moment'? Education policy in England, 2005, in Social Policy Review 18 Bristol: Policy Press 2006

This book chapter reviews educational policy developments in England in 2005, exploring the tensions within the Government's dual excellence-and-equity reform agenda.

Measuring what we value: the development of a data profile for evaluating equity within education systems.

Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association annual conference, San Francisco, April 2006

This paper provides an account of a study that addresses tensions between national reform efforts aimed at improving educational achievement on the one hand, and a concern with equity and social inclusion on the other.  It describes the development of a framework for monitoring equity issues in the English system and for doing so in a way which is intended to impact on policy-makers and practitioners.

Using research to foster inclusion and equity within the context of New Labour education reforms

In recent years, inclusion has become a new policy emphasis in many countries as educations systems struggle to respond to the United Nations 'Education for All' agenda (Ainscow et al, 2006b).  In England, Labour Governments have published a range of guidance documents to schools which imply not only that schools should educate increasing numbers of students with disabilities, but that they should concern themselves with increasing the participation and achievements of all groups of learners who have historically been marginalized.

Developing a framework for analysing educational equity in the English education system

Equity is a pressing issue in education reforms in England, yet what is meant by equity is often unclear, and there are underlying tensions within the government's dual excellence-and-equity agenda. The argument put forward here is that for reforms to have wide-reaching and equitable impacts, they must be based on broader notions of equity and education than those currently prevalent at policy level. To this end, a framework for thinking about educational equity is developed, exploring notions of equity per se, and the range of educational arenas in which equity might be pursued. This framework is intended to guide the creation of a systematic evidence-base about equity in education which can, in turn, inform policy.     

Towards a methodology for enhancing equity within education systems

Achieving equity remains a major challenge within education systems. Research has explored factors which contribute to educational inequities and policymakers have sought to target these. However, stark inequities remain. Evidence suggests the de-contextualised nature of many policy reforms have undermined their ability to challenge inequities in real-world settings. In this paper we report on an emerging methodology that draws on traditions of action research and research and development, and involves academics and teachers as co-researchers. Its focus on equity and the conceptual challenges this involves make the approach distinctive. We highlight the contribution this emerging methodology can make to reform efforts, and issues arising from its use. 

'Swing, swing together': Multi-agency work in the new Children's Services

In this paper, we examine ambiguities and contradictions in the Government's promotion of multi-agency working. We argue that the pursuit of multi-agency collaboration involves much more than the structural reorganisation of services, and consider some of the ambiguities and contradictions in the Government's current stance. We also explore some promising developments that seem to suggest what else needs to be done within the context of structural reorganisation to make collaboration both possible and effective.

Challenging inequities within education systems: some lessons from a development and research project

This paper reflects on an on-going development and research project aimed at achieving greater equity within an English school district.  It shows how the role of evidence was crucial in changing participants' 'meanings' and how an initial focus on vulnerable groups of students gradually widened to a process of school improvement driven by notions of equity.  The extent to which this happened was shaped significantly by the willingness of school leaders to allow these issues to be explored and by the wider culture of the school.  The paper concludes that whilst development and research processes cannot compensate for hostile and aggressively-enforced national policies, they have the potential to create 'spaces' for the renegotiation of meanings and the development of practice.

Challenging patterns of inequity: the need for district-level responses

Social inequity tends to be concentrated in particular districts. In England, and the USA, educational reforms have been seen as central to challenging this situation. However, these strategies have not sought to engage with the complex ways in which patterns of inequity interact and impact on local contexts. This paper will present findings from a study of three districts in England which suggest that current education policies are not powerful enough to engage with spatial effects at the deep level needed to challenge inequities in education. Linking to similar research in the USA, we will argue that if there are to be significant gains in equity, co-ordinated responses at the district-level are needed. Some possible ways forward will be suggested.

Inclusion and social disadvantage in the English education system: the role of area-based initiatives

Paper presented in the international research forum, 'A Comparative Analysis of Equity in Inclusive Education', Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A., 2-4 February 2009

This paper is concerned with social and educational inequalities understood as an issue of equity in the field of inclusive education. England can be understood as a socially polarised country, marked by significant inequalities. Because of a strong association between social background and educational outcomes, the English education system is also characterised by inequalities. Moreover, all of these inequalities are spatially patterned, with concentrations of poor social and educational outcomes in certain (urban) places. Successive governments have recognised this and have launched 'Area-Based Initiatives' (ABIs) aimed at breaking the link between education, disadvantage and place. The outcomes from these initiatives have been disappointing, and the paper explores the reasons for this. It argues that an important explanation is that ABIs have been based on an overly simplistic understanding of local areas and patterns of inclusion and exclusion within these. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that there are grounds for optimism. Drawing on illustrative case studies, it argues that there is space within English policy frameworks to develop approaches with a richer understanding of, and better co-ordinated intervention in, area dynamics. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this issue for the field of inclusive education research.

Beyond the school gate: schools, communities and social justice

Purposes

This paper is concerned with the relationship between educational and social disadvantage, and the capacity for education policy to intervene in that relationship. It aims to set out the limits of what can be achieved in tackling these issues through school improvement alone, and to assess the additional contribution that can be made by community focused school approaches. These are defined as approaches to schooling that see students learning in the classroom as inseparable from their lives beyond the school gates, and therefore seek to link efforts within the classroom to work with students outside the classroom, including work beyond the school gates with families and communities.

Childhood development, education and health inequalities

This document looks at what we know about the relationship between early childhood development, education and health inequalities, and considers what policy might do about this relationship. It is the report of a task group on early childhood and education led by Alan Dyson for the Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post-2010 (The Marmot Review). Full details of the Review can be found on its website at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/gheg/marmotreview

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